Philos Public Aff. Use and Significance of Nursing Diagnosis in Hospital Emergencies: A Phenomenological Approach. PHI 204 - Ethical Issues in Health Care: Consequentialism, Deontology, Physical Education and Health Education Faculty. Through alienating ourselves Railton shows that adopting ones exclusive ultimate end in life in the pursuit of maximum happiness may well prevent one from having experiences or engaging in certain sorts of commitments that are among the greatest sources of happiness (Alienation, Consequentialism and the Demands of Morality, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 1984). Background: Complex and expensive treatment options have increased the frequency and emphasis of ethical decision-making in healthcare. National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health. The simplest form of consequentialism is classical (or hedonistic) utilitarianism, which asserts that an action is right or wrong according to whether it maximizes the net balance of pleasure over pain in the universe. Watson M. Keeping your machine learning models up-to-date: continuous learning with IBM Watson machine learning (part 1). When deciding on questions of what is ethically right or wrong utilitarians want to maximise the overall amount of happiness or welfare. Facial recognition technology (FRT) utilizes software to map a persons facial characteristics and then store the data as a face template.1 Algorithms or machine learning techniques are applied to a database to compare facial images or to find patterns in facial features for verification or authentication purposes.2 FRT is attractive for a variety of health care applications, such as diagnosing genetic disorders, monitoring patients, and providing health indicator information (related to behavior, aging, longevity, or pain experience, for example).3-5, FRT is likely to become a useful tool for diagnosing many medical and genetic conditions.6,7 Machine learning techniques, in which a computer program is trained on a large data set to recognize patterns and generates its own algorithms on the basis of learning,8 have already been used to assist in diagnosing a patient with a rare genetic disorder that had not been identified after years of clinical effort.9 Machine learning can also detect more subtle correlations between facial morphology and genetic disorders than clinicians.4 It is thought that FRT can therefore eventually be used to assist in earlier detection and treatment of genetic disorders,10,11 and computer applications (commonly known as apps) such as Face2Gene have been developed to assist clinicians in diagnosing genetic disorders.12, FRT has other potential health care applications. Borsos Z, Gyori M. Can automated facial expression analysis show differences between autism and typical functioning? Data Lab. April 11, 2017. https://www.technologyreview.com/s/604087/the-dark-secret-at-the-heart-of-ai/. Privacy and data protection are thought to present challenges for the use of FRT for health applications. AWB. For consequentialism, life is a numbers game; an action should aim to make the majority happy, regardless of who they are, and should aim to go for actions that produce minimal pain. The final result was amazing, and I highly recommend www.HelpWriting.net to anyone in the same mindset as me. When expanded it provides a list of search options that will switch the search inputs to match the current selection. Atlas of human malformation syndromes in diverse populations. Williams example shows that consequentialism disregards the agents own personal commitments and allows for negative responsibility. and hey presto! 2014 Nov;40(11):1529-42. doi: 10.1177/0146167214551154. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press; 2019. Something is then considered "wrong" if it creates the opposite reaction. Nurs Ethics. Participants and context: Participants were interviewed about their contribution to the resolution of ethical dilemmas within the context of working in an acute hospital ward. The same could be said for Jim who by doing nothing is responsible for the lives of the twenty Indians. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. He believed it was too difficult for a society to run if it had to consider the specific costs/benefits of every single action. Consequentialism is the theory in moral philosophy that says our actions should aim at producing the best consequences. Relationships among moral reasoning, coping style, and ethics stress. Computer-based recognition of dysmorphic faces. Particularly in Italy, where the death toll and strain on hospitals has reached a critical point, there is a policy now to prioritise treating younger patients and healthcare workers. Front Psychol. Basel-Vanagaite L, Wolf L, Orin M, et al. Rule-consequentialism avoids a number of problems which have caused trouble to act-consequentialists. May 17, 2017. https://undark.org/article/facial-recognition-technology-biased-understudied/. No one desires the strife of war in life, but it is sometimes necessary and morally justified to engage in war. Learn more in our Cookie Policy. As with any clinical innovation, FRT tools should be expected to demonstrate accuracy for specific uses and to demonstrate that overall benefits outweigh risks.26 Detecting and evaluating bias in data and results should also receive close ethical scrutiny.27 In machine learning, the quality of the results reflects the quality of data input to the system28an issue sometimes referred to as garbage in, garbage out. For example, when images used to train software are not drawn from a pool that is sufficiently racially diverse, the system may produce racially biased results.29 If this happens, FRT diagnostics might not work as well for some racial or ethnic groups as others. Consequentialism is based on two principles: Whether an act is right or wrong depends only on the results of that act The more good consequences an act produces, the better or more right that act. Consequentialism entails that we can be held morally responsible for a lack of action, and whilst the case of the drowning child shows that it is possible to be indirectly responsible by not acting, in cases like Jims it involves going further than can be reasonably expected. In this case, they would argue that welfare would be maximised by giving the last ventilator to the 20 year old. Conseque. As considered here, numerous applications of FRT in health care settings suggest the ethical, clinical, and legal importance of informed consent, data input and analysis quality, effective communication about incidental findings, and potential influence on patient-clinician relationships. 1992 Fall;21(4):354-89. Epub 2021 Sep 1. Principlism is a commonly used ethical approach in healthcare and biomedical sciences. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. More specifically, it protects the privacy of biometric data, including full-face photographs and any comparable images, which are directly related to an individual.37 Thus, facial images used for FRT health applications would be protected by HIPAA.38 Entities covered by HIPAA, including health care organizations, clinicians, and third-party business associates, would need to comply with HIPAA regulations regarding the use and disclosure of protected health information.38 However, clinicians should advise patients that there may be limited protections for storing and sharing data when using a consumer FRT tool. Nurs Ethics. The best-known consequentialist ethical theory is utilitarianism, which says that the wrongness or rightness of an action depends on the amount of overall good or utility that is produced. All Rights Reserved. US Department of Health and Human Services. Accessed October 26, 2018. https://oneworldidentity.com/google-takes-aim-controversial-stringent-illinois-biometric-privacy-law/. Consequentialism plays a huge role in this scenario as in both cases results of the decision made can be either positive or negative. Consequentialism is an ethical theory that judges whether or not something is right by what its consequences are. Accessed May 24, 2018. Samples. For example, if I have the choice between saving one of my two cats, Benjy and Oliver, from a house fire, I should save the cat that would produce the most utility over the other one. Nurses use their moral reasoning based on their beliefs and values when faced with ethical dilemmas. Virtue ethics: focusing on the moral character, or . Consequentialism is a theory that says whether something is good or bad depends on its outcomes. This chapter outlines core characteristics of Utilitarianism and explores them with regard to their significance in healthcare settings. Published November 9, 2017. In: Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Computing, Communication and Automation (ICCCA); April 29-30, 2016; Noida, India:399-404. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Epub 2020 Mar 30. It is a problem that consequentialism forces us to take an impersonal, objective view of situations and override some of our most cherished beliefs because of its requirement that we focus exclusively on the final result. 8600 Rockville Pike Healthcare workers often face a problem of decision - making. Events and interactive experiences exploring ethics of being human. Now we will look at an example of how utilitarianism may be used in a medical context. Epub 2021 May 4. The happiness of the individual is overridden by the happiness of the masses. Epub 2011 Dec 6. Consequentialism focuses on promoting the best consequences, but what kind of consequences are the best? All rights reserved. _____ ethics looks to the nature of relationships to guide participants in making difficult decisions. Utilitarians claim that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness and that what is desirable is pleasure and the freedom from pain. Julian Savulescu and Dominic Wilkinson 2019. Copyright 2023 American Medical Association. Automated depression diagnosis based on facial dynamic analysis and sparse coding. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. One recent example that gained notoriety was an FRT system used to identify gay men from a set of photos that may have simply identified the kind of grooming and dress habits stereotypically associated with gay men.30 The developers of this FRT system did not intend it to be used for a clinical purpose but rather to illustrate how bias can influence FRT findings.30, Thankfully, potential solutions for addressing bias in FRT systems exist. Medical News Today. Get the latest inspiration, intelligence, events & more. This site uses cookies to recognize users and allow us to analyse site usage. We will discuss three common ethical theories and how it handle the case of truth telling in medical practice as an example. moral judgments are supposed to be a matter of simple consequentialism: you add up how much suffering you think is caused by an action and balance it against the amount of good. Background: FRT is being developed to predict health characteristics, such as longevity and aging. The other way of thinking about the relationship is the focus of this paper. Perhaps it can in some way be quantified, so that if carrying out some act would damage the integrity of the individual so grievously that the maximum utility could be reached only if they failed to act, then not acting would be the right thing to do. The viewpoints expressed in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the AMA. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the As what matters is only the end result, who is acting or how they arrive at the decisions they make is irrelevant. The Ethical Theory. PMC Answer (1 of 4): The term 'consequentialism' was coined by the philosopher G E M Anscombe in her 1958 paper, 'Modern Moral Philosophy' (Philosophy 33, No. Putting ethics at the centre of everyday life. Beneficence and non-maleficence to weigh out the benefits and the duty of doing no harm to subsequently consider what is in the patient's best interest. Surgical nurses' perceptions of ethical dilemmas, moral distress and quality of care. Ethics Med Public Health. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the One does not have to be a specialist in ethics to do so. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. Medical law exists at the intersection between consequentialism and deontology. Especially in India the incidence of birth defects, cancers and diseases related to skin, lungs, brain, kidneys and liver are several times more dominant than any other communities.8 The river drainage has significant influence on the land use and socio-economic fabric of the basin. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. McCullom R. Facial recognition technology is both biased and understudied. Furthermore, consumer-centred healthcare is becoming heavily reliant on digital technology. Blease had argued that patients' attention should be . The oppressors force is relentless to crush the minority rebellion, and the repressive measures adopted in retaliation is specifically for the purpose of forcing the minority to subjugation under its iron fist and crush the rebellion to render the minority weak in the future. According to consequentialism, you should always strive to bring about good consequences, rather than simply obeying an arbitrary set of ethical rules. Youve read one of your four complimentary articles for this month. Philosophy Now 2023. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Ethical principles and concepts in medicine. (Though, most versions of non-consequentialism allow some ethical relevance of consequences). https://research.nhgri.nih.gov/atlas/. Being such a controversial topic some might argue that abortion should be considered murder, while others simply see it as a way to get rid of a problem. Privacy and data protections are key to advancing FRT and making it helpful. First published Wed Nov 21, 2007; substantive revision Fri Oct 30, 2020. Informed consent. However, despite these efforts, the oppressing side ignores the foreign powers efforts. government site. He even developed a calculator to work out which actions were better or worse the felicific calculus. Chan School of Public Health. Many forms of consequentialism have been proposed that attempt to deal with the issue of comparing moral value. Consequentialism requires that the agent should step outside herself, as it were, and assess the consequences not in terms of prior commitments, but just on the results produced. Disclaimer. If you dont, you should be held partly responsible for the childs death. Disclaimer. http://arxiv.org/abs/1403.0485. (2). Some of the moral philosophers associated with this theory include Jeremy Bentham, David Hume, Henry Sidgwick and many others. Epub 2019 Apr 11. Also, it is advantageous because there is no guesswork; the physician does not have to predictconsequences because while . 2000 Mar;2(1):29-41. Jordan Belfort (played by Leonardo DiCaprio) in The Wolf of Wall Street is probably the popular idea of the . ISSN 2376-6980. To demonstrate this I will use an adapted version of John Harris Survival Lottery thought experiment (this thought experiment is a theoretical example used to highlight the objection and is not to be taken literally): Let us imagine we have five patients who require organ transplants. Wicklund E. EHR provider touts mHealth access by Apples facial recognition app. An action that brings about more benefit than harm is good, while an action that causes more harm than benefit is not. There are two broad schools of ethical theory: consequentialism and non-consequentialism. Katy Baker studied Philosophy at the University of Kent and is now part of the Philosophy Now team. In many hospitals and healthcare trusts across the world this is the thought process that is guiding their policies regarding who should be treated in hospitals. Applying Utilitarianism in Business. Int J Lang Commun Disord. For instance, most people would agree that lying is wrong. The meaning of CONSEQUENTIALISM is the theory that the value and especially the moral value of an act should be judged by the value of its consequences. This document is part of a series of papers intended to introduce Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. Published April 25, 2018. and transmitted securely. To identify the values, beliefs and contextual influences that inform decision-making. Is it okay to do bad things for a good cause? Epub 2014 Sep 24. PMC Stud Health Technol Inform. Accessibility Our duty to others can be illustrated using another example, one used by contemporary utilitarian philosopher Peter Singer. Certainly, the use of utilitarian ethics in medical contexts is not without controversy and this is something which we shall next by looking at a well-known objection to utilitarianism using a thought experiment: The objection is that by only focusing on objectively promoting the greatest good, utilitarians can permit and indeed claim that certain actions, which appear morally wrong, are in fact the right action. Also, in certain situations, consequentialism can lead to decisions that are objectionable, even though the consequences are arguably good. Accessed August 1, 2018. Because it counted every persons pleasure or pain as the same, regardless of age, wealth, race, etc. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. To identify the contribution made by nurses in achieving the resolution of ethical dilemmas in practice. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help For instance, most people would agree that lying is wrong. MeSH Brostoff G. 3D facial recognition gives healthcare data a new look. Accessed January 13, 2018. Researchers flag up facial recognition racial bias [news]. Information, consent, and informed consent. Consequentialism in scenario. 1828 Words8 Pages. Is it better to give my money to charity or spend it studying medicine so I can save lives? Instead, it is being driven by patients, who are increasingly turning into consumers. The standardized definition of Utilitarianism is that actions are defined as being "right" or "correct" based on the ability it has to promote happiness. Deontology: Deontology : Advantages: This moral theory is very useful in making impartial decisions. Type. Consequentialism is an ethical theory that judges whether or not something is right by what its consequences are. This button displays the currently selected search type. Ethical decision making in nurses. We will describe some examples of the influence of consequentialism over current medical law. A consequence of consequentialism, however, is that it fails to respect the integrity of the individuals involved. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. A requirement to uphold the confidentiality of information shared in the physician-patient relationship is a central tenet of medical professionalism that, while at risk and undermined in various ways in modern medicine [1], has been consistently endorsed from the time of Hippocrates. utilitarianism could be seen as a radically egalitarian philosophy. 1. Aims: These can be thought of as rules or duties that we have to ourselves and to others regardless of their consequences. Select Accept to consent or Reject to decline non-essential cookies for this use. Accessed July 17, 2018. 124). 2021 Sep 17;18(18):9786. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18189786. Descriptions of ethical theories and principles, Lecture 1: Philosphical Ethics (Feister) Slides, Clinical (medical) ethics WHOLE course (2020), CMA Part #2 - Section F - Professional Ethics - Moral Philosophies in Ethics, Lecture 24 childress et al on public health ethics, Session 3 ethical principals and theories, Ethics in dentisrty power point presentation, PHI 204 - The Patient-Doctor Relationship, PHI 204 - The 4 Medical Ethics Principles, PHI 204 - Ethical Issues in Health Care: Casuistry, Cultural Relativism, PHI 204 - Ethical Issues in Health Care: Virtue Ethics, Feminist Ethics, WATER STRUCTURE Acidic and Basic Properties of Water.docx, Differences Between I Phone X and I Phone 6s Discussion.pdf, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. January 12, 2016. https://medcitynews.com/2016/01/aicure-fundraise/. John Stuart Mill, a student of Benthams, disagreed. In: Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 28th Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE); May 3-6, 2015; Halifax, Canada:1199-1202. Therefore, the absolutist claim that war is wholly a bad thing, or that it cannot be for a good cause despite its undesirability, is reasonably refuted. It gives us this guidance when faced with a moral dilemma: A person should choose the action that maximises good consequences. 2017;8:1883. Accessed July 24, 2018. FRT is being developed to predict health characteristics, such as longevity and aging.13 FRT is also being applied to predict behavior, pain, and emotions by identifying facial expressions associated with depression or pain, for example.14,15 Another major area for FRT applications in health care is patient identification and monitoring, such as monitoring elderly patients for safety or attempts to leave a health care facility16 or monitoring medication adherence through the use of sensors and facial recognition to confirm when patients take their medications.17. Wired. New technology may provide the answer. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. A heavy man in a sweat-stained khaki shirt turns out to be the captain in charge and, after a good deal of questioning of Jim which establishes that he got there by accident while on a botanical expedition, explains that the Indians are a random group of the inhabitants who, after recent acts of protest against the government, are just about to be killed to remind other possible protestors of the advantages of not protesting. Furthermore, whilst the consequentialist can agree that the individual agents integrity should not be ignored, as Williams explains, (h)is own substantial projects and commitments come into it, but only as one lot among others. (Ethics, 1994) As our integrity is one among many others and consequentialism expects us all to take an impersonal standpoint, it would follow that everyone would need to disregard their personal commitments, which is likely to lead in turn to overall unhappiness, a problem for a moral theory with hedonistic tendencies.