Mosley was the eldest of the three sons of Sir Oswald Mosley, 5th Baronet (18731928), and Katharine Maud Edwards-Heathcote (18741950), daughter of Captain Justinian H. Edwards-Heathcote and Eleanor Stone (daughter of Spencer Stone, of Collingwood Hall, Burton-on-Trent and Frances Mary Wood). He has human sympathies, courage and brains.". We collect and match historical records that Ancestry users have contributed to their family trees to create each person's profile. Alexander Mosley (1930s-2000s) | WikiTree FREE Family Tree In 1924 he joined the Labour Party . Mosley used the time to read extensively on classical civilisations. beth Mosley, Frances Leigh (born Mosley), Tonman Mosley, John Mosley, Mary Anne Chetwynd (born Mosley), Penelope Mosley, Caroline Feilden Mar 27 1785 - Rolleston, Staffs., England, May 25 1871 - Burton Upon Trent, Staffordshire, England. Mosley then made a bold bid for political advancement within the Labour Party. Birthdate: March 27, 1785. A Georgian style house, it was built in the 18th century and by 2011 was accompanied by 12 acres. In the wake of the 1958 Notting Hill race-riots, Mosley briefly returned to Britain to stand in the 1959 general election at Kensington North. He was educated at West Downs School and Winchester College. By 1924 he was growing increasingly attracted to the Labour Party, which had just formed a government, and in March he joined it. [27] His period outside Parliament was used to develop a new economic policy for the ILP, which eventually became known as the Birmingham Proposals; they continued to form the basis of Mosley's economics until the end of his political career. John Gunther described Mosley in 1936 as "strikingly handsome probably the best orator in England. Sir Oswald Mosley's grandfather in law was, Sir Oswald Mosley's grandmother in law was, Sir Oswald Mosley's brother in law-by-marriage was, Sir Oswald Mosley's former father in law is, David Freeman-Mitford Oswald Mosley, born 1674 - Ancestry Explore how the celebrity world connects. The Liberal Westminster Gazette wrote that Mosley was: "the most polished literary speaker in the Commons, words flow from him in graceful epigrammatic phrases that have a sting in them for the government and the Conservatives. At the time, the weekly Liberal-leaning paper The Nation described his move: "The resignation of Sir Oswald Mosley is an event of capital importance in domestic politics We feel that Sir Oswald has acted rightly as he has certainly acted courageously in declining to share any longer in the responsibility for inertia." The Mosley Memorandum won the support of the economist John Maynard Keynes, who stated that "it was a very able document and illuminating". Mosley used the time in confinement to read extensively in classics, particularly regarding politics and war, with a focus upon key historical figures. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture, Arrested in the sense of stunned or gripped, Darkest Hour (2017) Death Before Disarmament Scene, Oswald Mosley on the Frost Programme, 1967, Sir Oswald Mosley Interview on Thames Television, 1975, Grace Curzon, Marchioness Curzon of Kedleston, Fdration Internationale de l'Automobile, "Life and Times of Sir Oswald Mosley & the British Union of Fascists", "The roots of organic farming lie in fascism", "Peaky Blinders' Oswald Mosley the real story behind Tommy Shelby's new foe", "Ten things you didn't know about Mr Keynes", "The postwar international order and the mobilization of public opinion", "Modern and Anti-Modern Elements in the Discourse of the British Union of Fascists", "The Rise and Fall of British Fascism: Sir Oswald Mosley and the British Union of Fascists", "John Major looked to fascist Oswald Mosley for ideas on economy", "What 1930s political ideologies can teach us about the 2020s | Aeon Essays", "Revealed: the fascist past of the Daily Mirror", "Last reunion for war heroes who came home to fight the fascists", "How Liverpool ran a fascist leader out of town and showed what our city stands for", "Revitalizing and de-territorializing fascism in the 1950s: the extreme right in France and Italy, and the pan-national ('European') imaginary", "Britain's post-war fascist pro-Europeans", "Holocaust denial was already taking root in Britain during WWII, says UK author", "Blood and soil: the Greens' fascist roots | Richard Negus", "Green fascism? Oswald Mosley (1761 - 1789) - Genealogy - geni family tree They travelled by ship and stopped briefly in Cairo. Sir Oswald Ernald Mosley (1896 - 1980) - Genealogy - geni family tree Skip . In the London County Council elections in 1937, the BUF stood in three wards in East London (some former New Party seats), its strongest areas, polling up to a quarter of the vote. In October he attempted to persuade the Labour Party Conference to accept the Memorandum, but was defeated again. Mary Anna Sibell Elizabeth Sturt, on 10 May 1975. Its early parliamentary contests, in the 1931 Ashton-under-Lyne by-election and subsequent by-elections, arguably had a spoiler effect in splitting the left-wing vote and allowing Conservative candidates to win. Oswald Alexander Mosley was born on 26 November 1938 He was the son of Sir Oswald Ernald Mosley, 6th Bt. He lost his seat at Smethwick in 1931. We encourage you to research and examine these records to . Please enable JavaScript in your browser's settings to use this part of Geni. We encourage you to research and examine these records to . Have you taken a DNA test? [1] He returned to the trenches before the injury had fully healed and at the Battle of Loos (1915) passed out at his post from pain. Oswald married Lady Cynthia Mosley. In 1924, Lady Cynthia Curzon joined the Labour Party, and was elected as the Labour MP for Stoke-on-Trent in 1929. He succeeded to the Baronetcy of Ancoats upon his father's death in 1928, which entitles the current holder to the prefix style Sir. Most other active fascists in Britain met the same fate, resulting in the BUF's practical removal at an organised level from the United Kingdom's political stage. [53] His agitation was officially tolerated until the events of the Battle of France in May 1940 made the government consider him too dangerous. But do note that it is not possible to be certain of a person's genealogy without a family's cooperation (and/or DNA testing). He refused visits from most BUF members, but on 18 March 1943 Dudley and Norah Elam (who had been released by then) accompanied Unity Mitford to see her sister Diana. In 1961 he took part in a debate at University College London about Commonwealth immigration, seconded by a young David Irving. I'd say old Mosely deserves inclusion into the Black Sheep category. Find out about Sir Oswald Mosley, 5th Baronet & Katherine Mosley Married, children, joint family tree & history, ancestors and ancestry. Largely because of his family background and war service, local Conservative and Labour Associations preferred Mosley in several constituencies a vacancy near the family estates seemed to be the best prospect. He immediately joined the Independent Labour Party (ILP) as well and allied himself with the left. with Cynthia Mosley MP{ "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "Person", "name": "Cynthia Mosley MP", "gender": "Female" }, Nicholas Mosley, 3rd Baron Ravensdale{ "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "Person", "name": "Nicholas Mosley, 3rd Baron Ravensdale", "gender": "Male" }, born 1923, age 97 [55] The internment, particularly that of Lady Mosley, resulted in significant public debate in the press, although most of the public supported the Government's actions. [14], Having initially arrived in Ceylon (present day Sri Lanka), the journey then continued through mainland India. Brother of Tonman Mosley. In Roy Carter's alternative history novel, Mosley was played by Jonathan McGuinness in the first series of the BBC. Vivien Mosley (19212002), who married on 15 January 1949 Desmond Francis Forbes Adam (192658), educated at Eton College and at King's College, Cambridge, by whom she had two daughters Father of Francis Leigh; Sir Thomas Mosley, 3rd Baronet; Octavia Spooner; Mary Anne Mosley and Caroline Mosley [69] Jorian Jenks, another early member of the Soil Association, was active within the Blackshirts and served as Mosley's agricultural adviser. Oswald MOSLEY 1746-1748 - Ancestry Tauris. Explore how the celebrity world connects. When the decision of the court was announced, Mosley, who had pleaded not guilty, and summoned his own defence, was responsible for an outburst. [26] It took several re-counts before Chamberlain was declared the winner by 77votes and Mosley blamed poor weather for the result. [58], After the Second World War, Mosley was contacted by former supporters and persuaded to return to participation in politics. All relationship and family history information shown on FameChain has been compiled from data in the public domain. By Diana, he had two sons: "[33], Thirty years later, in 1961, Richard Crossman wrote, "this brilliant memorandum was a whole generation ahead of Labour thinking. Cynthia Mosley MP's former in laws: Cynthia Mosley MP's former father in law was Sir Oswald Mosley, 5th Baronet Cynthia Mosley MP's former mother in law was Katherine Mosley Cynthia Mosley MP's former grandfather in law is Sir Oswald Mosley, 4th Baronet Cynthia Mosley MP's former grandmother in law is Elizabeth Mosley Cynthia Mosley MP's former . His personal magnetism is very great". He transferred to the Royal Flying Corps as an observer, but while demonstrating in front of his mother and sister he crashed, which left him with a permanent limp. If so, login to add it. . He is probably the best orator in England. Mosley's final share of the vote was 8.1%. In a senior aristocratic Georgian intermarriage, his father was a third cousin to the 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, father of Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, who served alongside King George VI as Queen (of the United Kingdom). Mosley then made a bold bid for political advancement within the Labour Party. Mosley was born on 16 November 1896 at 47 Hill Street, Mayfair, Westminster.After his parents separated he was brought up by his mother, who went to live at Betton Hall near Market Drayton, and his paternal grandfather, Sir Oswald Mosley, 4th Baronet. Oswald Mosley 1583-1630 - Ancestry The Union Movement's meetings were often physically disrupted, as Mosley's meetings had been before the war, and largely by the same opponents. If not, see our friends at Ancestry DNA. with Cynthia Mosley MP{ "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "Person", "name": "Cynthia Mosley MP", "gender": "Female" }, Alexander Mosley{ "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "Person", "name": "Alexander Mosley", "gender": "Male" }, born 1938, age 82 Mosley had found problems with disruption of New Party meetings, and instituted a corps of black-uniformed paramilitary stewards, nicknamed blackshirts. However, he was unexpectedly selected for Harrow first. Among Mosley's supporters at this time were the novelist Henry Williamson, military theorist J. F. C. Fuller and the future "Lord Haw Haw", William Joyce. He lived for many years at Apedale Hall in Newcastle-under-Lyme, also in Staffordshire. Research genealogy for Oswald MOSLEY of Pemberton Row, City of London, London, England, as well as other members of the MOSLEY family, on Ancestry. [The] manifesto offers us a starting point for thought and action. Mosley's personal papers are held at the University of Birmingham's Special Collections Archive. Max Mosley (born 1940), who was president of the Fdration Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) for 16 years. Oswald Mosley Birth 1583 - Bolesworth Castle, Cheshire, England Death November 9, 1630 - Ancoats, Manchester, Lancashire, England Mother Alice Webster Father Anthonie MOSLEY Quick access Family tree New search Oswald Mosley family tree Family tree Explore more family trees Parents Anthonie Mosley 1537 - 1607 Alice Webster 1539 - 1641 Spouse (s) The outraged Chamberlain demanded that Mosley retract the claim "as a gentleman". ", contributions in Parliament by Oswald Mosley, "Metropolitan Police records of the BUF incident at Olympia, 1934", British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women, David Freeman-Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale, List of British far-right groups since 1945, Organisation for the Maintenance of Supplies, National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party, Fdration d'action nationale et europenne, Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation, National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom), National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands, National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden), National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark, Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists, German National Movement in Liechtenstein, German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia), Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party, United Hungarian National Socialist Party, Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit, Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party, National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement, An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus, The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia, Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics, Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund fr Leibesbungen, Union of Young Fascists Vanguard (boys), Union of Young Fascists Vanguard (girls), National Socialist German Students' League, Persecution of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oswald_Mosley&oldid=1142356712, Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain, Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies, Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, Independent Labour Party National Administrative Committee members, Independent members of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies, People detained under Defence Regulation 18B, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Articles lacking reliable references from May 2022, Articles lacking reliable references from January 2022, Articles containing Italian-language text, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from February 2023, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013, Articles with trivia sections from May 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Vivien Elisabeth Mosley (19212002); she married Desmond Francis Forbes Adam (192658) on 15 January 1949. Its early parliamentary contests, in the 1931 Ashton-under-Lyne by-election and subsequent by-elections, arguably had a spoiler effect in splitting the left-wing vote and allowing Conservative candidates to win. He had three children by Cynthia: The Mail continued to support the BUF until the Olympia rally in June 1934. The Mosleys: The family that can never escape its troubled past But it was rejected by the Cabinet and by the Parliamentary Labour Party, and in May 1930 Mosley resigned from his ministerial position. His five-time great-grandfather John Parker Mosley, a Manchester hatter, was made a baronet in 1781. In November 1945, Mosley was summoned to court for allegedly causing unnecessary suffering to be caused to pigs by failing to provide adequate feeding and accommodation for them. Sir Oswald Mosley, bart., DCL, of Rolleston Hall, was the last lord of the manor of Manchester. Sitter in 21 portraits. Husband of Sophia Anne Every. In The Story of a Norfolk Farm (1941) Williamson recounts the physical and philosophical journey he undertook in turning the farm's worn-out soil back into fertile land. Son of Oswald Mosley and Elizabeth Mosley [41] He claimed that the UK Labour Party was pursuing policies of "international socialism", while fascism's aim was "national socialism". We encourage you to research and examine these records to . [70][71][6], Mosley had three children with his first wife Lady Cynthia Curzon.[10]. He spent the remainder of the war at desk jobs in the Ministry of Munitions and in the Foreign Office.[11]. The UK's supply crisis puts extra pressure on Prime Minister Boris. However, it was rejected by the Cabinet, and in May 1930 Mosley resigned from his ministerial position. [42] It claimed membership as high as 50,000, and had the Daily Mail and Daily Mirror among its earliest supporters. He later moved to Paris. Shortly after the 1931 election, Mosley was described by the Manchester Guardian: When Sir Oswald Mosley sat down after his Free Trade Hall speech in Manchester and the audience, stirred as an audience rarely is, rose and swept a storm of applause towards the platform who could doubt that here was one of those root-and-branch men who have been thrown up from time to time in the religious, political and business story of England. His son Alexander stated that they had received many messages of condolence but no abusive words. [59] The New European has described Mosley as an "avowed Europhile". In the general election of 1918 he faced no serious opposition and was elected easily. He soon distinguished himself as an orator and political player, one marked by extreme self-confidence, and made a point of speaking in the House of Commons without notes. Lord Curzon had to be persuaded that Mosley was a suitable husband, as he suspected Mosley was largely motivated by social advancement in Conservative Party politics and her inheritance. Click here to Start FameChaining. Birth of Son, Oswald Ernald (Tom) MOSLEY 6th Bt . [14], Cynthia died of peritonitis in 1933, after which Mosley married his mistress Diana Guinness, ne Mitford (19102003). Research genealogy for Oswald Mosley of Ancoats Hall, Lancashire, England, as well as other members of the Mosley family, on Ancestry. Sir Oswald Mosley, 4th Baronet 1848-1915 - Ancestry Mosley appears in a list of names of Fabians from Fabian News and the Fabian Society Annual Report 192931. Dissatisfied with the Labour Party, Mosley founded the New Party. 2nd Baron Resedale, Sydney, Lady Redesdale Despite this, the organisation gained support among many Labour and Conservative politicians who agreed with his corporatist economic policy, and among these were Aneurin Bevan and Harold Macmillan. [35] From July 1930, he began to demand that government must be turned from a talk-shop into a workshop.[36], In 1992, the then UK prime minister, John Major, examined Mosleys ideas in order to find an unorthodox solution to the aftermath of the 1990-91 economic recession.[37]. First that gripping audience is arrested,[n 2] then stirred and finally, as we have said, swept off its feet by a tornado of peroration yelled at the defiant high pitch of a tremendous voice. Right here at FameChain. In 1926, the Labour-held seat of Smethwick fell vacant, and Mosley returned to Parliament after winning the resulting by-election on 21 December. It had fallen into a state of disrepair until it was purchased and restored by Mosley in the 1950s. The family was prominent in Staffordshire and three baronetcies were created, two of which are now extinct. He was driven by, and in Parliament spoke of, a passionate conviction to avoid any future war, and this seemingly motivated his career. Furthermore, the memorandum laid out the foundations of the corporate state which intended to combine businesses, workers and the government into one body as a way to "Obliterate class conflict and make the British economy healthy again".[30][31]. Research genealogy for Oswald Mosley of England, United Kingdom, as well as other members of the Mosley family, on Ancestry. He was the youngest member of the House of Commons to take his seat, though Joseph Sweeney, an abstentionist Sinn Fin member, was younger. Sir Oswald Mosley, 5th Baronet Family Tree & History, Ancestry Sir Oswald Mosley & Cynthia Mosley MP Divorced, Children, Joint Family Mosley continued to organise marches policed by the Blackshirts, and the government was sufficiently concerned to pass the Public Order Act 1936, which, amongst other things, banned political uniforms and quasi-military style organisations and came into effect on 1 January 1937. It is believed to be correct at the time of inputting and is presented here in good faith. This family tree is taken from two sources. His wife Diana was also interned, shortly after the birth of their son Max; they lived together for most of the war in a house in the grounds of Holloway prison. [32] Keynes also wrote, "I like the spirit which informs the document. He was close to Ramsay MacDonald and hoped for one of the Great Offices of State, but when Labour won the 1929 general election he was appointed only to the post of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, a position without Portfolio and outside the Cabinet. Enter a grandparent's name. "[68], In 1977, by which time he was suffering from Parkinson's disease, Mosley was nominated as a candidate for Rector of the University of Glasgow in which election he polled over 100 votes but finished bottom of the poll. He died on 27 July 1789 at age 28 at Rolleston, Staffordshire, England.He was educated at Manchester Grammar School, Manchester, Lancashire, England. Sir Oswald Ernald Mosley, 6th Baronet (16 November 1896 3 December 1980) was a British politician during the 1920s and 1930s who rose to fame when, having become disillusioned with mainstream politics, he turned to fascism. Max Mosley briefly dabbled in politics but rapidly accepted he would be forever tainted by his family's association with extremism. son Major Edward Heathcote Mosley son John Arthur Noel Mosley son Sir Oswald Mosley, 4th Baronet father Elizabeth Constance White mother Constance Mosley sister Violet Mosley sister Geraldine Ellison of Willington . Sir Oswald Mosley, 6th Bt. Leave a message for others who see this profile. He therefore decided to oppose Neville Chamberlain in Birmingham Ladywood. Largely because of his family background and war service, local Conservative and Labour associations preferred Mosley in several constituencies a vacancy near the family estates seemed to be the best prospect. The Mirror piece was a guest article by Daily Mail owner Viscount Rothermere and an apparent one-off; despite these briefly warm words for the BUF, the paper was so vitriolic in its condemnation of European fascism that Nazi Germany added the paper's directors to a hit-list in the event of a successful Operation Sea Lion. step-child with Diana Mitford{ "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "Person", "name": "Diana Mitford", "gender": "Female" }, Desmond Guinness{ "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "Person", "name": "Desmond Guinness", "gender": "Male" }, born 1931, age 89 with Cynthia Mosley MP{ "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "Person", "name": "Cynthia Mosley MP", "gender": "Female" }, Michael Mosley{ "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "Person", "name": "Michael Mosley", "gender": "Male" }, born 1932, age 89 In October 1936 Mosley and the BUF attempted to march through an area with a high proportion of Jewish residents, and violence resulted between local and nationally organised protesters trying to block the march and police trying to force it through, since called the Battle of Cable Street. [17], He was the youngest member of the House of Commons to take his seat, although Joseph Sweeney, an abstentionist Sinn Fin member, was younger. Oswald Moseley (c.1639 - 1726) - Genealogy - geni family tree [20] He was secretary of the Peace with Ireland Council. At the time, the weekly Liberal-leaning paper The Nation and Athenaeum described his move: "The resignation of Sir Oswald Mosley is an event of capital importance in domestic politics We feel that Sir Oswald has acted rightly as he has certainly acted courageously in declining to share any longer in the responsibility for inertia. Mosley died on 3 December 1980 in his Orsay home, and was cremated in Paris. Thirty years later, in 1961, Richard Crossman described the memorandum: " this brilliant memorandum was a whole generation ahead of Labour thinking.". Mosley was at this time falling out with the Conservatives over Irish policy, objecting to the use of the Black and Tans to combat the IRA. By the end of the First World War, Mosley had decided to go into politics as a Conservative Member of Parliament, as he had no university education or practical experience due to the War. He was Kingsway Hall lecturer in 1924 and Livingstone Hall lecturer in 1931. As the European situation moved towards war, the BUF began to nominate Parliamentary by-election candidates and launched campaigns on the theme of Mind Britain's Business. At a large Mosley rally at Olympia on 7 June 1934 mass brawling broke out when hecklers were removed by Blackshirts, resulting in bad publicity. The party was frequently involved in violent confrontations, particularly with Communist and Jewish groups and especially in London. Mosley, Sarah Elizabeth Mosley, Frances Mosley, Mary Anne Chetwynd (born Mosley), Tonman Mosley, John Mosley, Penelope Mosley, Caroline Mar 27 1785 - Rolleston Hall, near Burton-on-Trent, Staffordshire. Sir Oswald Mosley Family Tree & History, Ancestry & Genealogy - FameChain May 24 1871 - Rolleston Hall,near Burton-on-Trent,Staffordshire. "[34], In a newspaper feature, Mosley was described as "a strange blend of J.M. Bio shows surprising roots of organic farming movement", Understanding Historic Parks and Gardens in Buckinghamshire, "Towns and Villages Around Slough | Denham", "Oswald Mosley papers: Nicholas Mosley deposit - Archives Hub", "Fascist Oswald Mosley's house in Fermoy up for sale", "3.5 million Ileclash House for sale along River Blackwater", "House of the week: Perfectly restored, pristine period house in Fermoy", "Take a look at this incredible Cork mansion on the market for 2.75m", "How the Mitford sisters' flight from fascism took them to Ireland", "The Code of Woosters, by PG Wodehouse: Splendid, Jeeves! To listen to him is an education in the English language, also in the art of delicate but deadly repartee. He argues that trying to "challenge the 50-year-old system of free trade exposes industry in the home market to the chaos of world conditions, such as price fluctuation, dumping, and the competition of sweated labour, which result in the lowering of wages and industrial decay. He was Kingsway Hall lecturer in 1924 and Livingstone Hall lecturer in 1931. Shortly after the 1931 election, Mosley was described by The Manchester Guardian: When Sir Oswald Mosley sat down after his Free Trade Hall speech in Manchester and the audience, stirred as an audience rarely is, rose and swept a storm of applause towards the platform who could doubt that here was one of those root-and-branch men who have been thrown up from time to time in the religious, political and business story of England. We collect and match historical records that Ancestry users have contributed to their family trees to create each person's profile. Among his many travels, Mosley travelled to British India accompanied by Lady Cynthia in 1924. Mosley and Cynthia were committed Fabians in the 1920s and at the start of the 1930s. but the decolonisation of the 1960s put an end to this proposal. Oswald MOSLEY, born 1588 - Ancestry Mosley campaigned aggressively in Ladywood, and accused Chamberlain of being a "landlords' hireling". During his breach of privacy action against the News of the. Oswald Ernald Mosley Bt (1896-1980) | WikiTree FREE Family Tree Others demanded a trial, either in the hope it would end the detention or in the hope of a conviction. Michael Mosley (19322012), unmarried and without issue. [6][7], Mosley was born on 16 November 1896 at 47 Hill Street, Mayfair, Westminster.
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