They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. "[328] Tutu presented the five-volume TRC report to Mandela in a public ceremony in Pretoria in October 1998. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau was one of several world. [23] Several months later, he moved with his father to Ermelo, eastern Transvaal. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023. [217] He also proposed a national strike against apartheid, angering trade unions whom he had not consulted beforehand. [467] As part of this, he believed that the perpetrators and beneficiaries of apartheid must admit to their actions but that the system's victims should respond generously, stating that it was a "gospel imperative" to forgive. In May 1985 he embarked on a speaking tour of the United States,[219] and in October 1985 addressed the political committee of the United Nations General Assembly, urging the international community to impose sanctions on South Africa if apartheid was not dismantled within six months. [168] Although some clergy saw this dialogue as pointless, Tutu disagreed, commenting: "Moses went to Pharaoh repeatedly to secure the release of the Israelites. [279] The ANC won the election and Mandela was declared president, heading a government of national unity. [64] Funding was secured from the International Missionary Council's Theological Education Fund (TEF),[65] and the government agreed to give the Tutus permission to move to Britain. United Methodist Church's Pension Board Divests From Israel-linked Company ; Presbyterians Reject anti-Zionist Guide ; Presbyterians Face Key BDS Moment [419] On Fridays, he fasted until supper. [77] During this period, the family moved to Bletchingley in Surrey, where Tutu worked as the assistant curate of St Mary's Church. [218], Tutu continued promoting his cause abroad. Most of those who criticised him were conservative whites who did not want a shift away from apartheid and white-minority rule. He was 90 years old. [367] He criticised the memorials held for Mandela, stating that they gave too much prominence to the ANC and marginalised Afrikaners. We face a catastrophe in this land and only the action of the international community by applying pressure can save us. [310] Tutu advocated what liberation theologians call "critical solidarity", offering support for pro-democracy forces while reserving the right to criticise his allies. [158] In an earlier address, he had opined that an armed struggle against South Africa's government had little chance of succeeding but also accused Western nations of hypocrisy for condemning armed liberation groups in southern Africa while they had praised similar organisations in Europe during the Second World War. This award is for mothers, who sit at railway stations to try to eke out an existence, selling potatoes, selling mealies, selling produce. During the 1980s he played an unrivaled role in drawing national and international attention to the iniquities of apartheid. Embassy of South Africa, Washington, D.C. 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference, army's persecution of the country's Muslim Rohingya minority, officially recognise Jerusalem as Israel's capital, Common Wealth Award of Distinguished Service, "Jews Stunned by Tutu's Suggestion Holocaust Perpetrators Be Forgiven", "Archbishop Tutu 'would not worship a homophobic God', "Desmond Tutu chides Church for gay stance", "Desmond Tutu calls for Blair and Bush to be tried over Iraq", "Zimbabwe needs your help, Tutu tells Brown", "Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu announce The Elders", "Kofi Annan appointed Chair of The Elders", "Dalai Lama forced to pull out of Desmond Tutu birthday in visa dispute", "Solomon Islands gets Desmond Tutu truth help", "International day of demonstrations on climate change", "We need an apartheid-style boycott to save the planet", "South Africa's Tutu Announces Retirement", "South Africa's Desmond Tutu: 'I will not vote for ANC', "Desmond Tutu changes mind, going to Mandela funeral", "Archbishop Tutu: Nelson Mandela services excluded Afrikaners", "All Are God's Children: On Including Gays and Lesbians in the Church and Society", "Desmond Tutu's reverend daughter marries a woman and loses church licence", "Desmond Tutu: A dignified death is our right I am in favour of assisted dying", "Archbishop Desmond Tutu 'wants right to assisted death', "Nobel Laureates Salute Bradley [sic] Manning", "Desmond Tutu calls oilsands 'filth,' urges cooperation on environment", "Nobel laureates urge Saudi king to halt 14 executions", "Desmond Tutu condemns Aung San Suu Kyi: 'Silence is too high a price', "God is Weeping Over Inflammatory Recognition of Jerusalem as Israel Capital", "Desmond Tutu, Whose Voice Helped Slay Apartheid, Dies at 90", "South African anti-apartheid campaigner Archbishop Desmond Tutu dies aged 90", "Statement on the passing of Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Mpilo Tutu", "Archbishop Desmond Tutu to lie in state in Cape Town for two days", "South Africa Begins a Week of Mourning for Desmond Tutu", South Africa holds state funeral for Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Desmond Tutu laid to rest at state funeral in Cape Town, "Desmond Tutu: Body of South African hero to be aquamated", "Tutu urges leaders to agree climate deal", "Listen to Desmond Tutu's 'profound' address to Mount Allison University", "Habitat for Humanity Lebanon Chairman to receive prestigious Pacem in Terris Peace and Freedom Award", "Doctorow '52 wins prestigious, lucrative prize", "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement", "Gov. Desmond Tutu has formulated his objective as "a democratic and just society without racial divisions", and has set forward the following points as minimum demands: 1. equal civil rights for all 2. the abolition of South Africa's passport laws 3. a common system of education "[447] He believed that it was the duty of Christians to oppose unjust laws,[139] and that there could be no separation between the religious and the political just asaccording to Anglican theologythere is no separation between the spiritual realm (the Holy Ghost) and the material one (Jesus Christ). Nobel Peace Prize laureate Desmond Tutu won't be speaking at the University of St. Thomas in April because school officials are worried his views on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict would offend . You have already lost! South Africa's government initially refused permission, regarding him with suspicion since the Fort Hare protests, but relented after Tutu argued that his taking the role would be good publicity for South Africa. [272] In November 1990, Tutu organised a "summit" at Bishopscourt attended by both church and black political leaders in which he encouraged the latter to call on their supporters to avoid violence and allow free political campaigning. Interview with Desmond Tutu by freelance journalist Marika Griehsel in Gothenburg, Sweden, 28 September 2007.Desmond Tutu talks about what makes a good leade. The Bible accepted slavery. In 1975 he was appointed Dean of St. Marys Cathedral in Johannesburg, the first black to hold that position.
Desmond Tutu | Biography, Facts, & Nobel Peace Prize [326] The ANC's image was tarnished by the revelations that some of its activists had engaged in torture, attacks on civilians, and other human rights abuses.
Burundi 2011 MNH Imperf, Desmond Tutu, Nobel peace 1984, Gandhi Peace Prize [449] He tried to avoid alignment with any particular political party; in the 1980s, for instance, he signed a plea urging anti-apartheid activists in the United States to support both the ANC and the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC).
1969 Nobel Peace Prize - Wikipedia [44] Their first child, Trevor, was born in April 1956;[45] a daughter, Thandeka, appeared 16 months later. In November 2012, he published a letter of support for the imprisoned US military whistleblower Chelsea Manning. Sell now. Like his countryman Albert Lutuli, the Anglican bishop Desmond Tutu was honored with the Peace Prize for his opposition to South Africa's brutal apartheid regime. Frankly the time has passed when we will wait for the white man to give us permission to do our thing. [452] Tutu often used the aphorism that "African communism" is an oxymoron becausein his viewAfricans are intrinsically spiritual and this conflicts with the atheistic nature of Marxism. [283] In 1989 they visited Zaire to encourage the country's churches to distance themselves from Seko's government. [461] Tasked with a mission to manage Alfred Nobel's fortune and hasultimate responsibility for fulfilling the intentions of Nobel's will. "[463], He became, according to Du Boulay, "one of the most eloquent and persuasive communicators" of black theology. [115] Tutu was officially installed as dean in August 1975.
Desmond Tutu Biography - Facts, Childhood, Family Life & Achievements [124] He held a 24-hour vigil for racial harmony at the cathedral where he prayed for activists detained under the act. [305] In January 2004, he was visiting professor of postconflict societies at King's College London, his alma mater. Eat or be eaten. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023. Tutu cancelled the trip in mid-December, saying that Israel had refused to grant him the necessary travel clearance after more than a week of discussions. To cite this section MLA style: Desmond Tutu - Interview. Sat. [237] In church meetings, Tutu drew upon traditional African custom by adopting a consensus-building model of leadership, seeking to ensure that competing groups in the church reached a compromise and thus all votes would be unanimous rather than divided. Despite bloody violations committed against the black population, as in the Sharpeville massacre of 1961 and the Soweto rising in 1976, Tutu adhered to his nonviolent line. In August 2017, Tutu was among ten Nobel Peace Prize laureates who urged Saudi Arabia to stop the execution of 14 participants of the 201112 Saudi Arabian protests. [216] In October 1985, he backed the National Initiative for Reconciliation's proposal for people to refrain from work for a day of prayer, fasting, and mourning. Back in southern Africa in 1975, he served first as dean of St Mary's Cathedral in Johannesburg and then as Bishop of Lesotho; from 1978 to 1985 he was general-secretary of the South African Council of Churches.
. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.
Desmond Tutu, Whose Voice Helped Slay Apartheid, Dies at 90 [2] His father, Zachariah Zelilo Tutu, was from the amaFengu branch of Xhosa and grew up in Gcuwa, Eastern Cape. [322], The first hearing took place in April 1996. He also compiled several books of his speeches and sermons. He is a true son of Africa who can move easily in European and American circles, a man of the people who enjoys ritual and episcopal splendour, a member of an established Church, in some ways a traditionalist, who takes a radical, provocative and fearless stand against authority if he sees it to be unjust. [414] He tried to cultivate goodwill from the country's white community, making a point of showing white individuals gratitude when they made concessions to black demands. [288][289] He also criticised Israel's arms sales to South Africa, wondering how the Jewish state could co-operate with a government containing Nazi sympathisers. Archbishop Desmond Tutu, the Nobel Peace Prize laureate who helped end apartheid in South Africa, has died aged 90. [111] He nevertheless criticised African theology for failing to sufficiently address contemporary societal problems, and suggested that to correct this it should learn from the black theology tradition. [305] Mount Allison University in Sackville, New Brunswick was the first Canadian institution to award Tutu an honorary doctorate in 1988. [73] Tutu was academically successful and his tutors suggested that he convert to an honours degree, which entailed his also studying Hebrew. [147] His efforts gained him international recognition; the closing years of the 1970s saw him elected a fellow of KCL and receive honorary doctorates from the University of Kent, General Theological Seminary, and Harvard University. In October 2011, no less a figure than South Africa's Archbishop Desmond Tutu proposed that Malala be nominated for the International Children's Peace Prize. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In this position, he emphasised a consensus-building model of leadership and oversaw the introduction of female priests. Corrections? [325] He singled out those victims who expressed forgiveness towards those who had harmed them and used these individuals as his leitmotif. Tasked with a mission to manage Alfred Nobel's fortune and hasultimate responsibility for fulfilling the intentions of Nobel's will. [301] In June 2000, the Cape Town-based Desmond Tutu Peace Centre was launched, which in 2003 launched an Emerging Leadership Program. [357] He has also travelled with Elders delegations to Ivory Coast, Cyprus, Ethiopia, India, South Sudan, and the Middle East. I would not worship a God who is homophobic and that is how deeply I feel about this. He emphasized nonviolent means of protest and encouraged the application of economic pressure by countries dealing with South Africa. "[458] Reflecting this view of ubuntu, Tutu was fond of the Xhosa saying that "a person is a person through other persons". "[336], Tutu also spoke out on the need to combat the HIV/AIDS pandemic, in June 2003 stating that "Apartheid tried to destroy our people and apartheid failed. [89] He also became the Anglican chaplain to the neighbouring University of Fort Hare;[90] in an unusual move for the time, Tutu invited female as well as male students to become servers during the Eucharist. [261] Tutu and Mandela met for the first time in 35 years at Cape Town City Hall, where Mandela spoke to the assembled crowds. Before the speech, Desmond Tutu and his relatives and colleagues delivered a traditional song. The funeral mass for South African anti-apartheid campaigner Archbishop Desmond Tutu has taken place at the Anglican cathedral in Cape Town.
[482] The African-American civil rights campaigner Bernice Powell, for instance, complained that he was "too nice to white people". [47] With Huddleston's support, Tutu chose to become an Anglican priest. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984, the Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism, the Gandhi Peace Prize in 2005 and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009. The remains of Desmond Tutu, the Nobel Peace Prize-winning Anglican archbishop emeritus of Cape Town, were interred early Sunday during a private family service at the city's Anglican cathedral. [32] In 1947, Tutu contracted tuberculosis and was hospitalised in Rietfontein for 18 months, during which he was regularly visited by Huddleston.
Wouldn't you be scared if you were outnumbered five to one? Tutu, a Nobel Peace Prize winner who helped end the . [403] He was attentive to his parishioners, making an effort to visit and spend time with them regularly; this included making an effort to visit parishioners who disliked him. Born in 1931 in Klerksdorp, Transvaal, South Africa, he became the first Black Anglican Archbishop of both Cape Town and Johannesburg. [148] Hegr also developed a new style of leadership, appointing senior staff who were capable of taking the initiative, delegating much of the SACC's detailed work to them, and keeping in touch with them through meetings and memorandums. Nobel Prizes 2022 Fourteen laureates were awarded a Nobel Prize in 2022, for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. [448] However, he was adamant that he was not personally a politician. [252] In August 1989 he helped to organise an "Ecumenical Defiance Service" at St George's Cathedral,[253] and shortly after joined protests at segregated beaches outside Cape Town. Though he wanted a medical career, Tutu was unable to afford training and instead became a schoolteacher in 1955. [370] In 2014, he came out in support of legalised assisted dying,[371][372] revealing that he wanted that option open to him. In 2009, Tutu assisted in the establishing of the Solomon Islands' Truth and Reconciliation Commission, modelled after the South African body of the same name. He emphasized nonviolent protest and encouraged the application of economic pressure on South Africa. [215] Tutu continued protesting; in April 1985, he led a small march of clergy through Johannesburg to protest the arrest of Geoff Moselane. [441] To end apartheid, he advocated foreign economic pressure be put on South Africa. South African activist and Nobel Peace Prize and Anglican Archbishop Desmond Tutu gives . [228] He was the first black man to hold the post. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Desmond-Tutu, The Nobel Prize - Biography of Desmond Tutu, South African History Online - Biography of Mpilo Tutu, Academy of Achievement - Biography of Desmond Tutu, Desmond Tutu - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Desmond Tutu - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Truth and Reconciliation Commission, South Africa. [450] Du Boulay, however, noted that Tutu was "most at home" with the UDF umbrella organisation,[451] and that his views on a multi-racial alliance against apartheid placed him closer to the approach of the ANC and UDF than the blacks-only approach favoured by the PAC and Black Consciousness groups like AZAPO. African Elders headed by Nobel Peace Prize laureate Archbishop Desmond Tutu (right) and the wife of former South. [159] Tutu also signed a petition calling for the release of ANC activist Nelson Mandela,[160] leading to a correspondence between the pair. [477] Many of these whites were angered that he was calling for economic sanctions against South Africa and that he was warning that racial violence was impending. [343] Tutu questioned why Iraq was being singled out for allegedly possessing weapons of mass destruction when Europe, India, and Pakistan also had many such devices. Desmond Tutu, South Africa's Nobel Peace Prize-winning icon, an uncompromising foe of apartheid and a modern-day activist for racial justice and LGBT rights, died Sunday at 90.
South Africa's Nobel Peace Prize laureate Archbishop Desmond Tutu Desmond Tutu, Whose Voice Helped Slay Apartheid, Dies at 90. [446] Later in life, he also spoke out against various African leaders, for instance describing Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe as the "caricature of an African dictator", who had "gone bonkers in a big way". [33] In the hospital, he underwent circumcision to mark his transition to manhood. [4] Having married in Boksburg,[5] they moved to Klerksdorp in the late 1950s, living in the city's "native location", or black residential area, since renamed Makoetend. [125] In May 1976, he wrote to Prime Minister B. J. Vorster, warning that if the government maintained apartheid then the country would erupt in racial violence. [422] He was even known to often pray while driving. [384] [267] Although Tutu's relationship with Buthelezi had always been strained, particularly due to Tutu's opposition to Buthelezi's collaboration in the government's Bantustan system, Tutu repeatedly visited Buthelezi to encourage his involvement in the democratic process. Tutu is an honorary doctor of a number of leading universities in the USA, Britain and Germany. NobelPrize.org. Desmond Tutu, South Africa's Nobel Peace Prize-winning activist for racial justice and retired Anglican archbishop of Cape Town, has died on Sunday at the age of 90. [458] In 1986, Tutu had defined Ubuntu: "It refers to gentleness, to compassion, to hospitality, to openness to others, to vulnerability, to be available to others and to know that you are bound up with them in the bundle of life. Mourners have been filing past the coffin of Archbishop Desmond Tutu, as his body lies in state at St George's Cathedral in Cape Town, South Africa. [157] Although retired archbishops normally return to the position of bishop, the other bishops gave him a new title: "archbishop emeritus". [293], In October 1994, Tutu announced his intention of retiring as archbishop in 1996. [340] Israeli officials expressed concern that the report would be biased against Israel. [174] In September 1982 Tutu addressed the Triennial Convention of the Episcopal Church in New Orleans before traveling to Kentucky to see his daughter Naomi, who lived there with her American husband. Sat. [251], Tutu remained actively involved in acts of civil disobedience against the government; he was encouraged by the fact that many whites also took part in these protests. 09:30 PM (GMT) The death of South Africa's Archbishop Desmond Tutu, a veteran of the struggle against apartheid and Nobel Peace Prize winner, has seen condolences pour in from leaders around the . [192] In December, he attended the award ceremony in Oslowhich was hampered by a bomb scarebefore returning home via Sweden, Denmark, Canada, Tanzania, and Zambia.
Desmond Tutu: South Africa anti-apartheid hero dies aged 90 [163] He and his wife boycotted a lecture given at the Federal Theological Institute by former British Prime Minister Alec Douglas-Home in the 1960s; Tutu noted that they did so because Britain's Conservative Party had "behaved abominably over issues which touched our hearts most nearly".
Desmond Tutu obituary: South African archbishop, peace leader dies at 90 Desmond Tutu has formulated his objective as a democratic and just society without racial divisions, and has set forward the following points as minimum demands: 1. equal civil rights for all [167] In the aftermath, a meeting was organised between 20 church leaders including Tutu, Prime Minister P. W. Botha, and seven government ministers. [35], Although Tutu secured admission to study medicine at the University of the Witwatersrand, his parents could not afford the tuition fees. [399] He also disliked gossip and discouraged it among his staff. Desmond Tutu hospitalised. [300] A farewell ceremony was held at St George's Cathedral in June 1996, attended by senior politicians like Mandela and de Klerk. Hated by many white South Africans for being too radical, he was also scorned by many black militants for being too moderate. It is immoral without question. From Nobel Lectures, Peace 1981-1990, Editor-in-Charge Tore Frngsmyr, Editor Irwin Abrams, World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore, 1997. [78] In the village, he encouraged cooperation between his Anglican parishioners and the local Roman Catholic and Methodist communities. [420], Tutu was a committed Christian from boyhood. "An insight on Archbishop Desmond Tutu's struggle against apartheid in South Africa. [117] Although majority white, the cathedral's congregation was racially mixed, something that gave Tutu hope that a racially equal, de-segregated future was possible for South Africa. I mean, maybe it's the awful face of capitalism, but I haven't seen the other face. Archbishop Desmond Tutu, the Christian leader who helped to end the racist system of apartheid in South Africa, has died at the age of 90. [136] In September 1977 he returned to South Africa to speak at the Eastern Cape funeral of Black Consciousness activist Steve Biko, who had been killed by police. Watch a video clip of Desmond Tutu receiving his Nobel Peace Prize medal and diploma during the Nobel Peace Prize Award Ceremony at the Oslo City Hall in Norway, 10 December 1984.
Desmond Tutu's body lies in state in his old cathedral - BBC News [491], In 1985 the City of Reggio Emilia named Tutu an honorary citizen together with Albertina Sisulu.
'I wish I could shut up, but I can't, and I won't': The [305] By 2003, he had approximately 100 honorary degrees;[486] he was, for example, the first person to be awarded an honorary doctorate by Ruhr University in West Germany, and the third person to whom Columbia University in the U.S. agreed to award an honorary doctorate off-campus. "The leadership role of emeritus Archbishop Desmond Tutu in the social development of the South African society. [304] Back in South Africa, he divided his time between homes in Soweto's Orlando West and Cape Town's Milnerton area. Desmond Tutu, Nobel Peace Prize laureate and veteran of South Africa's struggle against white minority rule, has died aged 90. [393], Du Boulay noted that as a child, Tutu had been hard-working and "unusually intelligent".
Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism Tarnish Desmond Tutu's Nobel Peace Prize [185], In 1984, Tutu embarked on a three-month sabbatical at the General Theological Seminary of the Episcopal Church in New York. [223] Given that most senior anti-apartheid activists were imprisoned, Mandela referred to Tutu as "public enemy number one for the powers that be". [305], On 16 October 1984, Tutu was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above. [145], Allen stated that the theme running through Tutu's campaigning was that of "democracy, human rights and tolerance, to be achieved by dialogue and accommodation between enemies. Updates? [100] He could be offended by discourteous behaviour and careless language,[391] as well as by swearing and ethnic slurs. "[112] He stated that his paper was not an attempt to demonstrate the academic respectability of black theology but rather to make "a straightforward, perhaps shrill, statement about an existent. [156] The following year he published a collection of his sermons and speeches, Crying in the Wilderness: The Struggle for Justice in South Africa;[157] another volume, Hope and Suffering, appeared in 1984. He emerged as one of the most prominent opponents of South Africa's apartheid system of racial segregation and white minority rule. Several outreach organisations and activities have been developed to inspire generations and disseminate knowledge about the Nobel Prize. 4 Mar 2023. [424] Du Boulay referred to him as "a loving and concerned father",[425] while Allen described him as a "loving but strict father" to his children. [345] In January 2005, he added his voice to the growing dissent over terrorist suspects held at Guantnamo's Camp X-Ray, stating that these detentions without trial were "utterly unacceptable" and comparable to the apartheid-era detentions. "Forgiveness and Reconciliation in the Life and Work of Desmond Tutu. [17] They subsequently changed denominations, first to the African Methodist Episcopal Church and then to the Anglican Church. [9] He had an older sister, Sylvia Funeka, who called him "Mpilo" (meaning 'life').
In pictures: The life of Archbishop Desmond Tutu - BBC News Tutu was born of Xhosa and Tswana parents and was educated in South African mission schools at which his father taught. ", Maluleke, Tinyiko. Desmond Tutu A South African Anglican archbishop and activist for the rights of black people in his country. [313], A key question facing the post-apartheid government was how they would respond to the various human rights abuses that had been committed over the previous decades by both the state and by anti-apartheid activists. To cite this section Archbishop Desmond Tutu has called for an anti-apartheid-style boycott and disinvestment campaign against the fossil fuel industry for driving global warming, just days ahead of a landmark UN. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Desmond Tutus many awards and honours include the Nobel Prize for Peace (1984), the U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom (2009), an award from the Mo Ibrahim Foundation that recognized his lifelong commitment to speaking truth to power (2012), and the Templeton Prize (2013). [410] Quick witted, he used humour to try and win over audiences. It is evil without question. What they forget is, with apartheid on the beaches we can't even go to the sea".
. In 1981 a government commission launched to investigate the issue, headed by the judge C. F. published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. South Africa, Role: Bishop of Johannesburg, former Secretary General, South African Council of Churches (S.A.C.C. [497] Queen Elizabeth II appointed Tutu as a Bailiff Grand Cross of the Venerable Order of St. John in September 2017. [100] In Lesotho, he joined the executive board of the Lesotho Ecumenical Association and served as an external examiner for both Fedsem and Rhodes University. [398] He could get very upset if a member of his staff forgot to thank him or did not apologise for being late to a prayer session. There is a great deal of goodwill still in our country between the races. [122] He met with Black Consciousness and Soweto leaders,[123] and shared a platform with anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela in opposing the government's Terrorism Act, 1967.