Respectively, it is important to note that because of the Mongol's dominance over "much of Eurasia [while terrorizing] the rest", the timing of Kublai's birth and reign, coinciding at the height of Mongol influence would magnify his power, control and impact at a much larger range then if he had been born into a different time period within the empire (Rossabi, Khubilai Khan 1). Then, the Mongol impact on Eurasia will be reassessed from three angles: the Mongol contribution to Eurasian integration, their impact on the Eurasian geo-political balance, and the future impact of their statecraft on the diï¬erent regions under their realm. Pederson, Neil. Influencing the Mongol Empire: The political impact of the mothers of Genghis Khan and Kublai Khan Written for an academic research paper The Mongolian Empire was a nomadic empire that became the âlargest contiguous land empire in historyâ stretching from Europe to Asia and at its height in the late 13th century, covered approximately 9.15 million square miles of land (Morgan 5). Cities were as diverse as Kyiv, Nishapur, Samarkand, and Baghdad were heavily damaged or destroyed. (D) destruction of old states and the rise of new ones. The Mongols impacted them both politically and economically. For more on the "Pax Mongolica," see: Parker, C. H., & Bentley, J. H. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. The Khans, or âGreat Leadersâ ruled both places and destroyed cities and killed government officials. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. As a result, China employed doctors from India and the Middle East, all of which was communicated to European centers. While many of the great states contended with rivalries and their own regional conquests before the Mongols, this also limited some contacts between them. Central Asia was a region that had always been important to overland trade between China and the West. In the 14th-15th centuries, China and Iran continued to be under Mongol control, while the Mughal state in India lasted into the 19th century and was influenced by the earlier Mongol invasions. In effect, the motive for later sea explorers, including Christopher Columbus, was to reach the east's riches, including India, as diminished prices and potential profits along Silk Road destinations proved to be very tempting. This also likely reflects a greater presence of Turkic populations as they increasingly moved across Central Asia during conquests that saw major cities and populations removed. In the centuries to come, European states would muster their new and improved guns first for piracy, to seize control over parts of the oceangoing silk and spices trade, and then eventually to impose European colonial rule over much of the world. Russia became unified for the first time. Persia did damage Persian agriculture, the Mongols had less of an impact on Persian government, as Mongol rulers made extensive use of the sophisticated Persian bureaucracy. Important trades shifted away from the Silk Road, and the New World gained a greater significance in the global economy. (E) spread of the Black Death from China to Europe and the Muslim world. This is the largest empire in history. By 1257, Chinese raw silk appeared in the silk-producing area of Italy, and in the 1330s, a single merchant sold thousands of pounds of silk in Genoa.. New forms of banking and insurance practices, first done in Eurasia, now also spread to Europe and helped lead to important banking and insurance families in Italy and beyond. Traders saw the potential to benefit more if parts of the trade network were avoided, and if distance and travel time could be cut to the major producing regions of India and China could be reached. If they refused, then their penalty was often harsh in the near destruction of the population. Di Cosmo, Nicola. Genghis Khan led an empire from the steppes of Asia during the 13th century, called the Mongols. With the initial Mongol onslaught, many churches and monasteries were looted and destroyed while countless adherents to the church and scores of clergy were killed; those who survived often were taken prisoner and enslaved (Dmytryshyn, 121). How did Invasions Affect the Long-Term Demographics and Global Power? The empire started initially in Central Asia and with time it came to stretch from the Peninsula of Korea to Eastern Europe, where it covered northern parts of Siberia and extended southward into the Indian subcontinent, Middle East, and Southeast Asia. Such experiments first appeared among rising states in northern China after the collapse of the Tang dynasty in 907. Starting in 1236, Genghis Khan's third son, Ogodei, decided to conquer as much of Europe as he could. Ultimately, a number of Mongols turned to farming, married local people, and were assimilated into Persian society. Mongol Eurasia and Its Aftermath 1200-1500 C.E. Between 1300 and 1400, the Black Death killed between 25 and 66% of the population in Europe, at least 50 million people. For more on the products and long-term impact on Europe based on increased interactions with the Silk Road, see: Arnold, D. (2002). The foremost was what historians call the Pax Mongolica, a century of peace (circa 1280–1360) among neighboring peoples who were all under Mongol rule. There was a greater impetus to now circumvent the revitalized Silk Road in the 15th century. Europeans became aware, via the Mongols, of Asian products, as well as technological, scientific, and philosophical innovations in the Middle East and were motivated to find sea routes to South and East Asia. Some of the most fundamental ideas and technologies in the world—papermaking, printing, and gunpowder manufacturing, among many others—made their way across Asia via the Silk Road. Davis-Kimball, Jeannine. Szczepanski, Kallie. The entire overland route of the Silk Road witnessed a vigorous revival under the Pax Mongolica. Diplomatic contacts and religious missions were established over vast distances. The Persian historian Rashid al-Din (1247-1318) published the first known book on Chinese medicine outside China in 1313. The Mongol forces claime⦠Reports of the Mongol attacks terrified Europe. This peace allowed for the reopening of the Silk Road trading routes between China and ⦠In general, Central Asia and the Middle East became more depopulated. Afro-Eurasian cultural sphere because of course not everybody involved in the empire belonged to it. The old Mongol capital of qaraqorum was built using the best that the Afro-Eurasian cultural sphere had to offer. The Steppe - The Steppe - The Mongol Empire, 1200â1368: The next important transformation of steppe life occurred when nomad peoples began to supplement their age-old tribal organization by borrowing Chinese bureaucratic principles for the management of armed forces. The most important effects that the Mongols had on Europe and Asia were increasing the flow of goods and knowledge between the two regions, the unification of present day Russia and the introduction of new diseases. The Mongols saw the spread as a threat. The Mongol dominion now opened up new connections that were easier to traverse as regions between Eastern Europe to China were largely pacified. What Motivated the Mongol Conquests of Genghis Khan? Afterward, interactions between the two were not only possible but encouraged. However, in China, the invasion may not have been as destructive to the population, as they seemed to recover by the 14th and 15th centuries. Cultural cross pollination of Eurasia under the Mongols had major influence on everybody involved. Myrdal, Janken. Szczepanski, Kallie. The distress was just as political and economic in nature as it was social and spiritual. ThoughtCo. While they committed atrocities in conquest and spread their political control through much of Eurasia, the resulting Mongol ⦠Routledge Explorations in Economic History, Lionel Frost (Editor), A.J.H. Iâll focus on the Muslims first. In China and Russia, the Mongol era brought a great change in political power. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/mongols-effect-on-europe-195621. Perdue, Peter C. "Boundaries, Maps, and Movement: Chinese, Russian, and Mongolian Empires in Early Modern Central Eurasia." 101, No. More Turkish based influences have subsequently replaced many Indo-Arayan languages across Central Asia. (Editor). [2], While the Mongols' conquest peaked in the 13th century, they did continue to invade and attack various regions long after this time. The Mongols also eliminated tariffs throughout their empire. In order to throw off the Mongol yoke, the Russian-speaking peoples of the region had to unite. While these invasions have been depicted as very destructive and disruptive to trade and urban life in many regions, several new developments fundamentally changed the course of history for Europe and Asia. They conquered a lot of land, from to Korea to Poland, and also from Vietnam to Syria. Products such as pepper, ginger, cinnamon, nutmeg, and other spices were now introduced to Europe at much greater rates. Vol. Even so, Eurasia's main contemporary centres of power have all their roots in the Mongol empire. Many of the key trade cities along the Silk Road and regions in China initially declined due to the invasions. Neurosurg Focus, Brasiliense LB, Workman RK, et al., National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2007, Bethesda MD. It is estimated that nearly half or more of the population died in the invasions and aftermath in some countries. Many of these impacts are not obvious, but the Mongols' influences, in effect, can still be felt today. However, one area that the Mongol invasions have continued to affect is demographics. 37-51. Additionally, to avoid revolts and other problems in areas they had already conquered, the Mongol strategy also included reducing these areas to the point where they could not be a threat again. The Mongols also tried to capture Poland and Germany, but Ogodei's death in 1241 and the succession struggle that followed distracted them from this mission. The suspension of literary examinations, the exclusion of Chinese from higher offices, and the resulting frustration of the former ruling class of scholar-officials led to a sort of intellectual eremitism. "Effects of the Mongol Empire on Europe." China, which after the Tang had broken up into separate kingdoms the Jin a⦠Ma, Debin. The Impact of the Mongols The Mongol Empire had many impacts on modern day Asia and other parts of the world. Alarmed, western Europeans and the Mongol rulers of China sought a diplomatic alliance with one another against the Muslims in southwest Asia. What was the Impact of the Mongol Invasions? (Eds.). Ironically, the Russians used their superior firepower in the 19th and 20th centuries to conquer many of the lands that had been part of the Mongol Empire, including outer Mongolia where Genghis Khan was born. The Mongol rule in China and the Middle East was very different politically in that the Mongols allowed the leaders in the Middle East to remain while in China they did not. "Effects of the Mongol Empire on Europe." Neither of these initiatives was successful, but the opening of political channels made a substantive difference. The Mongols were often greatly outnumbered, but through divide and conquer tactics, deception, and superior tactical management, they overcame enemies that looked far stronger on paper. Many of the great cities in East Asia, Central Asia, and West Asia were either destroyed or lost much of their cultural property. The Pax Mongolica also allowed monks, missionaries, traders, and explorers to travel along the trade routes. Chap 12: Mongols in Eurasia 1. Still, the situation soon changed as much of Eurasia remained pacified for much of the 13th-14th centuries, leading to regained prosperity along with parts of the Silk Road. Ultimately, the conquests led to a relative political calm in much of Eurasia that came after the initial conquests.[4]. Many regions remained relatively depopulated for centuries, such as Iran and Iraq, where those regions had once supported far larger populations, and those levels of populations did not fully recover until perhaps the 20th century. This essay deals with the impact of Mongol invasion on medieval Rusâ society and its far-reaching consequences for the further development of Russian economy and political system. Latham (Editor), 1st Edition, Routledge, February 10, 1999. The new knowledge also flowed to Europe that helped to combine with shifting attitudes, which eventually launched the Renaissance. 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