In our case we ended up spending a lot of time tuning the application to avoid cross socket communication as well since that could become a big deal (of course after careful card placement). Measured in seconds. In case you're interested in building a ThreadRipper Pro WX-based system like mine, then AMD apparently starts selling the CPUs independently from March 2021 onwards: My only quibble with that board is that I worry about how easily replaced the fan on the chipset is. The developer mindset dictates that everything you run is an application. RAM slack is random data that happens to be in RAM memory at the time the file is written. Back when I was building 4 cpu, 64 core opteron systems. With your system, it'll get a bigger number - probably 14 or 15 million 4KiB IO per second per core. Also decent banter. You can directly measure all of these things easily nowadays with profilers, no need for metric voodoo. A FAT file system is a specific type of computer file system architecture and a family of industry-standard file systems utilizing it.. You can push systems to 80-100M IO per second if you have disks and bandwidth that can handle it. Ok, thanks, good to know. The kicker is enterprise U.2 drives are about the same $/GB as SATA drives, but being NVMe PCIe 4.0 x4. For a cheap solution, I'd get a pair of used Mellanox ConnectX4 or Chelsio T6, and a QSFP28 direct attach copper cable. > For a while now I had operated under the assumption that CPU-based crypto with AES-GCM was faster than most hardware offload cards. Once I sent it over they were like "Uh, we just meant which macbook do you want?" Most of the people didnt seem to understand that laptop CPUs are not the same as desktop/workstation ones, especially when they hit thermal down throttling. It might be interesting to look at them for these tests, specially in time-sensitive scenarios. and kind of gave me some shade about it. I'm on the same page with your thesis that "hardware is fast and clusters are usually overkill," and disk I/O was a piece that I hadn't really figured out yet despite making great strides in the software engineering side of things. Weirdly I got sustained throughput differences when I killed & restarted fio. Where at the time the bottleneck was the shared xeon bus, and then it moved to the PCIe bus with opterons/nehalem+. Shard-per-core - It also helps if specific data is pinned to a specific CPU, so we partition on a per-core basis. This is exactly the point of my experiment - do you really want to have all the complexity of clusters or performance implications of remote storage if you can run your I/O heavy workload on just one server with local NVMe storage? So it is probably worth trying out the motherboard firmware settings to expose your CPU as multiple NUMA nodes, and using the FIO options to allocate memory only on the local node, and restricting execution to the right cores. Hardware leasing is a lot simpler. Easy line rate if you crank the MTU all the way to 9000 :D, > modern CPU gains or loses more computer power from a 1° C temperature difference in the room's air. Expatica is the international community’s online home away from home. Yep, some “real” workload tests are coming next (using filesystems). Download PDF. Memory and IO usage is pretty constant while the game is running. ( Only to be taken apart by Facebook ). I would recommend pinning the interrupts from one disk to one numa-local CPU and using numactl to run fio for that disk on the same CPU. After entering twice the passphrase the temporary ZFS pool will be created. I was knocking up some profiling code and measured the performance of gettimeofday as a proof-of-concept test. ECE 501 Fa17 Final Exam Decemb401 Veu are allow two standa ard size Page 5 of 6 theets 8.5 x 11 501 Fa17 Final Exam December 14 2017 low two standard size notebook sheets 8.5 11 inches with aws i5 nade p area pah e cohnceted in Series en circuit voltage fer each Pane isesr s Q cA Solutio The end result is that an empty drive is going to benchmark considerably different from one 99% full of uncompressable files. My rate is roughly .08 €/kWh, for example, and I don't get any subsidies to convert to solar, so I have no way to make it pay off for myself within 15 years (beyond the time most people expect to stay in a home here), while other states in the US subsidize so heavily or rates for electricity are so high most people have solar panels at least (see: Hawaii with among the highest costs for electricity in the US). Or will you have moved its workloads to something newer? >Latency with these drives is measured in microseconds. For at least reads, if you don't hit a CPU limit you'll get 8x more IOPS with 512B than you will with 4KiB with SPDK. The enterprise gear from HPE is pretty well engineered; I’m skeptical that they over-designed the fans by a 7x factor. I don't ever read kernel code as a starting point, only if some profiling or tracing tool points me towards an interesting function or codepath. The high-level administration tool of the DRBD-utils program suite. Which means you might not actually end up re-capturing the depreciated value of the server, but instead will just let it rot on the shelf, or dispose of it as e-waste. Fio doesn't do that by default, and I found that that can be a significant benefit. For something that is sensitive to memory, e.g., you can get much faster RAM in enthusiast SKUs (https://www.crucial.com/memory/ddr4/BLM2K8G51C19U4B) than you'll find in server hardware. 12V only PSUs like OEMs use or ATX12VO in combination with a motherboard without IPMI, similar to the German Fujitsu motherboards, have significant lower power consumption at rest. Especially when the norm is always about scaling out instead of scaling up. For a 512-byte allocation, the average unused space is 256 bytes. You're spot on. 3) Why? But 512B reads are typically very fast. This makes me think that I'm hitting some PCIe/memory bottleneck, dependent on process placement (which process happens to need to move data across infinity fabric due to accessing data through a "remote" PCIe root complex or something like that). It should be a way to save costs, but density alas is a huge upsell, even though it should be a way to scale costs down. I assume NF's software pipeline is zero copy, so if TLS is done in the NIC data only gets read from memory once when it is DMA'd to the NIC. You can even use isolcpus param to linux kernel to reduce jitter from things you don't care about to minimize latency. 271. It doesn’t tell you “will keep the components cool”. With in-depth features, Expatica brings the international community closer together. In the US, electricity rates are typically much cheaper than the EU. You just walk away at the end of your term. Previously you could only get this CPU when buying the Lenovo ThinkStation P620 machine. (wont do much for bandwidth). A typical desktop computer might come with 32 or 64 megabytes (32 or 64 million bytes) of RAM, and a hard disk that can hold 4 to 80 gigabytes (4 to 80 billion bytes). I mean... yeah. What kind of use cases suffer from disk latency? Writes to a specified file using a file descriptor. Avoids cross-CPU traffic and, again, less blocking. Servethehome forums are also a great resource of info and used hardware, probably the best community for your needs. I learned the last bit from here (Samsung Solid State Drive TurboWrite Technology pdf): Thanks for sharing this article - I found it very insightful. GB is often used for indicating a size of memory or specifying a size of a movie, computer RAM, and so on. Last but one job boss offered me an iMac Pro, I asked if I could just have the equivalent money for hardware and he said sure. Using -R will turn on io_uring (otherwise it uses libaio), and you simply list the block devices on the command line after the base options like this: perf -q 32 -o 4096 -w randread -t 60 -R /dev/nvme0n1. This causes incompatibilities with LisaOS and MFS. It is hilarious to think that a 2u box can now theoretically saturate 2x100gig nics. Game U4 ROM ... (512 byte) ROMs at U1 and U2, and a 9316 or 2716 (2K byte) at U6. We try to get every cycle out of a CPU. Async everywhere - We use AIO and io_uring to make sure that your inter-core communications are non-blocking. It offers good performance even in very light-weight implementations, but cannot deliver the same performance, reliability and scalability as some modern file systems. I used to work for a VFX company in 2008. Talk to the device vendor to get the real answer. Don't want to spend much money, so the cards don't need to be too enterprisey, just fast. I plan to run tests on various database engines next - and many of them support using hugepages (for shared memory areas at least). It's terribly documented :(. Use `nvme id-ns` to read out the supported logical block formats. What is your mental model like? The HighPoint SSD7500 seems to have a proprietary RAID controller built in to it and some management/monitoring features too (it's the "somewhat enterprisey" version). 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