serum vs plasma vs whole blood

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The sample is then centrifuged to separate the RBC and plasma (like the cylinder on the right). – Plasma is easier to transport. | Website credit. Anticoagulant are required to get plasma. One technical solution to the problem of RBCs remaining in contact with the serum or plasma is to use serum separator tubes (SSTs). Troponin I is a positively charged molecule, and there has been speculation that the highly negatively charged polymeric heparin effectively shields Troponin I from being recognized by antibodies. These tubes have color-coded polymer stoppers that indicate their contents. Plasma—the liquid component of blood—contains blood cells and anticoagulant following centrifugation of whole blood. If the sample type you wish to test is not listed in the IFU, consult the manufactureâs technical support staff as it is likely someone else has asked the same question before you. The dextrose is a nutrient for some of the cells in the blood, and the citric acid complexes with or chelates calcium which prevents the blood from clotting, Minutes after collection, the blood is centrifuged into packed RBCs and citrated plasma for better storage. Shear rate is the velocity divided by the vessel diameter. Call us at (206) 209-4200 or email [email protected], 6839 Fort Dent Way Ste. The terms ‘Blood Plasma’ and ‘Blood Serum’ are synonymously used 1. Blood is composed of plasma and different kinds of cells- red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and thromobocytes (platelets). Clotting is pre-programmed into the components of blood to prevent excessive blood loss from a minor wound. Laboratories are required to have a critical values policy as a patient safety measure. Definition: The clear yellow fluid separated when blood is allowed to clot freely. Whole blood contains the liquid fraction of blood (i.e., plasma) as well as the cellular elements that lead to clotting under certain circumstances. Privacy Policy â¢ Terms & ConditionsOrange County Web Design by Website Muscle, Blood Collection/Separation Materials Kit. Similarly, when the blood is left undisturbed in a test tube (without an anticoagulant), it clots. Serum viscosity is tested using a rotating or capillary viscometer and is marginally lower than plasma because the clotting factors have been removed. Whole blood behaves as a non-Newtonian fluid, which means that its viscosity changes as a function of shear rate. Quattrocchi F,Â Karnes HT,Â Robinson JD,Â Hendeles L.,Ther Drug Monit.Â 5:359-62. Animated Mnemonics (Picmonic): https://www.picmonic.com/viphookup/medicosis/ - With Picmonic, get your life back by studying less and remembering more. If a whole blood sample has been drawn without anti-coagulants, it will go through the clotting process. Inside the body, blood experiences high and low shear rates during each cardiac cycle—from peak-systole (high shear) to end-diastole (low shear). RBCs contain high levels of potassium and the thyroid hormone thyroxine. Serum samples contains potassium released by platelets (which are separated out in the phlebotomy tube) so is usually 0.1-0.7 mmol/L higher than plasma samples. Perfect for everyone from startups to academicians to large companies. | Privacy Policy. A common misconception among people is that plasma and serum is the same thing. 855.405.8378 | 206.209.4200. [1] The silicone gel can act as an extracting organic solvent, and the drug can be removed from the plasma and end up in the gel, leading to misleading low drug levels in the serum. (1983), [2] Inï¬uence of hematocrit on the measurement of lipoproteins demonstrated by the example of lipoprotein(a) Kronenberg F, Trenkwalder M, Kronenberg M, Koenig P, Utermann G and Dieplinger H,Kidney International, 54, 1385â1389 (1998), [3] Cyclosporin Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – an Established Service Revisited, Morris, RG, Clin Biochem Rev 24 33-46 (2003), © 2021 DCN Diagnostics. It is obtained when a clotting-prevention agent is added to whole blood and then placed in a centrifuge to separate the cellular material from the lighter liquid layer. When people donate blood for therapeutic purposes (e.g., in life-saving transfusions), the collecting agency does its best to use the blood within a month. Whole blood viscosity is the ability of the blood to flow, which determines the burden of work to the heart in pumping blood, the physical injury that blood can cause against the inner lining of the arteries, and the delivery of oxygen to the organ systems. 4: Anticoagulant are not needed to separate the serum. The density of blood (1060 kg/m3) is very close to that of pure water (1000 kg/m3). • The plasma is used to manufacture life-saving therapies for people with rare, chronic diseases and disorders. [1] Effect of serum separator blood collection tubes on drug concentrations. 5: Less volume in comparison to plasma. Whole blood, serum, and various plasmas are not interchangeable sample matrices. Plasma offers distinct advantages over serum. Therefore, one can say that the blood plasma = whole blood - blood cells.. If you are a user of an assay, you should consult the manufacturerâs instructions for use (IFU) to determine what sample types have been validated for use in the assays. It makes up about 55% of the body's total blood volume. “Plasma” is the fluid component of blood. To avoid this problem, whole blood is the preferred sample for measuring immunosuppressant drugs. The plasma is the remaining part of the whole blood after the separation of bleeding cells, which is pale yellow. To avoid this assay interference, EDTA plasma and the alkaline phosphatase containing label must never come in contact for any length of time. To prevent injury and exposure to potentially infectious material, do not ship frozen serum, plasma, or whole blood … Blood plasma, which makes up about 54.3% of the blood, is a fluid that is the blood's liquid medium. Assays for either of these substances and others can be skewed by the contents of lysed red blood cells. • The whole blood is reddish in color, sticky liquid while the plasma is a clear, straw colored liquid. Citrated plasma drawn in a blue-topped tube is the sample preferred for coagulation factor testing. Blue top collection tubes containing citrate exist as well, but it far more common to encounter citrate containing plasma as reclaimed plasma from blood donations. S.N. Blood facilitate the transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and hormones in the body. Meridian Valley Laboratory is proud to be the only provider delivering a complete blood viscosity profile for each blood specimen received at our lab. For convenience sake, we can think of shear rate simply as blood flow velocity. membrane microvesicles; serum; plasma; coagulation; lupus; We have read with great interest the article by Kato and colleagues regarding the ‘Apoptosis-derived membrane vesicles drive the cGAS–STING pathway and enhance type I IFN production in systemic lupus erythematosus’.1 However, we are concerned that the authors studied exclusively blood serum, that is, all blood samples from … Whole-blood and plasma samples from 61 individuals were compared as sources for the detection of HCV RNA. Plasma is the liquid that remains when clotting is prevented with the addition of an anticoagulant. EDTA plasma has an excess of a powerful chelating agent that will sequester metal ions such as calcium and magnesium. Plasma and serum viscosity tests are useful to detect an acute phase reaction or severe inflammatory response such as occurs in sepsis. Serum and plasma both come from the liquid portion of the blood that remains once the cells are removed, but that’s where the similarities end. Others, such as lipoproteins, are strongly influenced by red blood cell content. Assuming that a certain sample type will work in a given assay without proper validation is poor science and may elicit an unfavorable response from customers and regulatory agencies. 220 mL. While some analytes may give similar results, equivalence can only be ensured by testing matched samples. Whole Blood - Blood flowing freely through the human body. Whole blood potassium is usually accurate enough, especially when you need a potassium level quickly in … Plasmas are also not interchangeable. Blood can be broken down in to three main categories: whole blood, plasma and white cells. The resulting serum will therefore be depleted of various clotting factors and, after centrifugation, all cellular material. Blood Plasma vs Blood Serum (Similarities and Differences between Blood Serum and Plasma) Blood is a body fluid composed of blood cells suspended in the blood plasma. [2] Still others, such as some immunosuppressant drugs like cyclosporin, partition between RBCs and plasma in a temperature-dependent manner[3] that reflects the temperature history of the sample. Yellowish and slight alkaline fluid, in which blood cells float. Some analytes, such as Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), partition freely between the red blood cells and the plasma so that whole blood and plasma values are the same within experimental accuracy. On the otherhand, Serum was discovered by Karl Landsteiner in the year 1901. It is straw-yellow in color and essentially is used to transport the blood cells or corpuscles from one place to another within the body. These segments contain about 500 uL of plasma and are invaluable for informal normal-range studies as they come from ostensibly healthy normal donors, who can be identified by age and gender. Tukwila, WA 98188, [email protected] This white paper describes the difference between viscosity measurements for whole blood vs. serum or plasma, and in addition, explains the critical importance of obtaining a complete viscosity profile and not just the systolic viscosity measurement. – Plasma is separated from the blood as this increases its longevity – frozen plasma can be stored for up to a year. This is necessary because RBCs can rupture over time, and the contents can interfere with a number of assays. If your attorney does not understand the difference between a whole blood and a serum/plasma test, he or she may give incorrect advise based on an incorrect assumption. Fasting Acquired after centrifuging blood with anti-coagulant. Serum and plasma are Newtonian fluids like water, which means that no matter how fast these fluids flow their viscosity does not changes (see the figure below). Patient … Freeze the samples if they are not analysed within a period of 12 hours after blood collection. The entire bag of plasma associated with the tubing segments may also be available for further studies, and it holds approx. It is quite common to come across these two terms frequently and be confused by the two. Dilute whole blood samples 1:1 with distilled water before adding the Internal Standard. Blood plasma is a yellowish liquid component of blood that holds the blood cells of whole blood in suspension.It is the liquid part of the blood that carries cells and proteins throughout the body. Whole blood specimens. When blood moves quickly as in peak-systole, it is thinner. Serum is often referred to as medical blood while whole blood is referred to as legal blood. Serum is the liquid that remains after the blood has clotted. enzyme that is responsible for converting fibrinogen to fibrin Inevitably, due to a need to have enough blood on hand to meet unexpected demand, some of the blood cannot be transfused because it has been stored too long. However, both are vital components of the blood. In particular, the red blood cells, their proportion to plasma volume, and the deformability (flexibility) of the red blood cells have a profound influence on actual blood viscosity and flow resistance. Plasma is typically about 55% of the blood volume. Copyright © 2018 Meridian Valley Lab. In 1918 Gordon R.Ward discovered the use of plasma for blood transfusion purposes. Blood, plasma and red blood cells. Troponin I values measured in heparinized plasma are often lower than when measured in EDTA plasma or serum from the same patient taken at the same time. The viscosity of blood is changing dynamically during each cardiac cycle because the red blood cells aggregate during diastole. This is because the red cells aggregate. However, blood plasma also contains blood cells and clotting factors, whereas blood serum does not. Specimen: Serum/Plasma/Whole Blood: Pre-analytic Treatment: Time of sample drawing. • The plasma is safer to transfuse than the whole blood especially when there is a risk of incompatibility. Comparison of whole blood, serum, and plasma for early detection of candidemia by multiplex-tandem PCR. We studied all critical serum and whole blood sodium results called to clinicians during a 6-month period. The high teir (super-OVI) standard for whole blood is greater than .17% and the prohibited level for blood serum or plasma is greater than.204%. Systolic blood viscosity (high shear) and diastolic blood viscosity (low shear) are reported for easy clinical intepretation. [2] It can interfere in assays once released from RBCs. Meridian Valley Laboratory is the only clinical reference lab that provides a comprehensive blood viscosity profile, which includes both systolic and diastolic blood viscosity measurements. Characteristics: Serum: Plasma. The phenomenon is known as the shear-thinning, non-Newtonian behavior of whole blood [1]. Caution is advised in using these SSTs with hydrophobic analytes such as some drugs. Plasma differs from whole blood in that the cellular material has been removed by centrifugation. This is the reason the glucometers nowadays give you the plasma glucose concentration instead of the blood glucose. Composition of plasma is the yellow part of the liquid which is 55% of the total volume of blood, carrying serum and clotting factors, water, albumin, and globulin whereas serum contains the very less part of blood, though lacks the clotting factors, it also contains antibodies, antigens, hormones, electrolytes, water, proteins, and antibodies, in order to cross-react with the recipient antigen In a lab setting, it is common to centrifuge the clotted blood, including red cells, to the bottom of the collection tube, leaving a straw-colored liquid above the clot. Serum - Blood outside of the human body is designed to clot. Both plasma and serum can be extracted from blood with the use of a centrifuge but it’s worth noting that serum is obtained after the clotting of blood, while plasma can be obtained before the coagulation of the blood. While most of the components are the same for both plasma and serum, plasma contains fibrinogen which is absent in serum. Serum is the liquid that remains after the blood has clotted. EDTA plasma will also inactivate some enzymes that require a metal ion for their activity. Blood is drawn into a collection tube that contains an anti-coagulant (EDTA or citrate) and placed in a centrifuge to separate the cells from the plasma. This is like testing blood pressure with a cuff and only being able to measure a single value for systolic blood pressure, instead of both systolic and diastolic. This natural function prevents bleeding. Purple or lavender top tubes contain EDTA, and green top tubes have heparin in them. When blood is collected, it fills a plastic bag that contains a solution of dextrose and citric acid. The key difference between plasma and serum is that the plasma consists of clotting factors while the serum is devoid of the clotting factors. Plasma viscosity is tested using a rotating or capillary viscometer using the separated plasma only. Some analytes, such as Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), partition freely between the red blood cells and the plasma so that whole blood and plasma values are the same within experimental accuracy. Plasma is typically about 55% of the blood volume. Although plasma is part of the whole blood, it has higher water content and consequently has more dissolved glucose than whole blood. It is the intravascular fluid part of extracellular fluid (all body fluid outside cells). Additionally, a very select few number of clinical reference labs claim to provide whole blood viscosity testing, however these tests are for systolic blood viscosity—high shear rate viscosity only. By this video, you can easily understand the difference between plasma and serum. Plasma and serum viscosity is also used in a number of clinical diagnoses such as Waldenström macroglobulinemia. This includes alkaline phosphatase used as a label in some immunoassays. 3: Acquired after centrifuging of coagulated blood. 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That acquires the complete viscosity profile for each blood specimen received at our lab moves slowly during end-diastole it necessary! 98188, info @ meridianvalleylab.com 855.405.8378 | 206.209.4200 are useful to detect acute! Are evacuated blood drawing tubes that contain a silicone gel that has a intermediate! Changing dynamically during each cardiac cycle because the red blood cells and anticoagulant following centrifugation whole. Tubes contain EDTA, and various plasmas are not needed to separate the serum the! Viscometer and is marginally lower than plasma because the clotting process and essentially is used to transport the 's... Proteins, clotting factors, and other components to three main categories: whole blood viscosity profile each... 1000 kg/m3 ) is very close to that of pure water ( 1000 kg/m3 ) and citrate blood plasma! A solution of dextrose and citric acid frequently and be confused by the two of! 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serum vs plasma vs whole blood 2021